can vaping cause arm numbness

can vaping cause arm numbness2022/04/25

When theres a problem with your circulation, blood doesnt flow properly to certain areas of your body. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Peripheral neuropathy. Trouble speaking or understanding someone else. This is the first occurrence of arm pain. Let's take a look at each of these in more detail. They usually contain: E-liquids and flavorings sometimes have other ingredients, including: The dangers of vaping include lung and other organ damage, breathing problems, addiction and more. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. sore throat, bad back, pains in the rib cage, pain in the left arm, pain in the armpit, stomach upset and flatulence. Doctors can prescribe medications to treat underlying health conditions that may contribute to poor circulation. Treatment varies widely depending on the cause. Welcome to the world's largest e-cigarette website. Doctors can prescribe medication to prevent blood clots and reduce pain. Theres no benefit to vaping if you dont already smoke. Numbness and tingling can affect the arm for various reasons, ranging from sitting or sleeping in the wrong position to heart disease. Common causes of a numb or tingling tongue include allergic reactions, stroke, low blood sugar, multiple sclerosis, dental procedures, and nerve damage. EVALI (e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury). Arm burning sensation may be a sensation of tingling (feeling of "pins and needles") or burning in the arm that is medically known as paresthesia. Can you give an update. If they sound like your experience, seek medical care promptly. It might not be vaping related. Skin wounds on the hands may not heal, or may experience slow . Seek medical attention if your arm numbness doesnt get better, occurs with other symptoms or interferes with your work or life. This symptom can appear before or alongside a headache. But please, if you are still there and reading this many many years later, let me know know something. include protected health information. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. pushing forward a ban on all flavored e-cigarettes, formaldehyde and acrolein could be to blame, 8 foods to avoid if you want to reduce your chances of cancer, diabetes, and early death, vape habit caused too much fluid to collect, one to four years for his lungs to return to their full capacity, inhaling the metals lead, nickel, chromium, and manganese, feeling fatigued either days or weeks after using an e-cigarette, Some Juul pods may contain throat-irritating chemicals that aren't listed on the packaging, Cigarette smoking is at an all time low, but college students are increasingly turning to vaping, and schools are scrambling to regulate it. Treatment options for herniated disks include pain medication, physical therapy, and surgery. However, EVALI can happen in anyone using either nicotine or THC-containing vapes. This pain can range from a constant, mild ache to an intense, recurring burning or shooting pain. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. I feel the sore/numbness on other limbs but for some reason the left arm is the most pronounced. So a study out Tuesday in the journal Radiology comes not a moment too soon. I urge everyone to refrain from vaping anything," Dr. Melodi Pirzada, a pediatric pulmonologist at NYU Winthrop, told Insider. Fiona Gupta, MD, neurologist and director of wellness and health, department of neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City. Find out about some potential causes and how to identify, What's worse than your arms falling asleep at night? "It is at this point very clear that vaping is not only unhealthy, but it is very dangerous. Issues with your spine can result in pinched nerves in your neck, another possible cause of arm numbness. Stroke. Some types of chemotherapy for cancer can cause nerve damage that leads to numbness or tingling and pain in your arms, legs, fingers, toes, or other areas of your body. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. Stretch your arm out and see if you regain sensation. Hours have gone by and there nic level has droped therefore allowing better blood flow to our little buddy. I am convinced there are other agents in tobacco smoke that contribute. An allergic reaction can cause numbness in any area of your body. Stroke symptoms tend to happen on one side of your body. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Stoke symptoms occur suddenly and will only affect one arm.If you have any of these, call 911. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Mayo Clinic; 2020. An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is a device that heats up the liquid nicotine and flavoring for you to breathe in. Vaping is often thought of as safer than cigarette smoking, but vaping causes health problems, too. If you experience signs of a stroke or a serious allergic reaction, seek immediate medical help. A doctor can treat an ischemic stroke with thrombolytic medications that dissolve blood clots. Since then, EVALI cases have been declining, but people who vape can still get EVALI. Some damage to your lungs from vaping can heal or get better with medications. Chemicals that can cause cancer (carcinogens), like acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Here are vape-related illness symptoms to look out for if you've ever used a cannabis or nicotine vape. Some simple explanations might be sleeping on your arm the wrong way or having a migraine headache. Come Monday evening, the right side of my tongue was numb, the right side of my top and bottom lips, my right cheek and my right side of my jaw were all numb! EVALI is short for e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. You can also read about first-aid essentials for bites and stings. Neck or back injuries and tumors in the spine can also contribute to cervical spinal stenosis. People can develop this condition if they have cervical spondylosis, which is arthritis that affects the part of the spine in the neck. Other symptoms include pale or bluish skin, slow or no growth of leg hair or toenails, or sores on your lower body that heal slowly. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Peripheral neuropathy includes multiple conditions that damage the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Like smell and taste too! In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Examples of nerve problems that can cause arm numbness include: Trauma means injury, and certain injuries can lead to arm numbness. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Problems often start gradually. All rights reserved. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. However, about 80% of people who quit smoking were still vaping. Vaping has also been shown to cause irreparable lung damage, which could making breathing more difficult. E-liquids arent just water. Your sleeping position may be to blame for arm or hand numbness at night. Learn more here. Using THC can lead to addiction, but there are treatments available that can help. ( 4, 5) Your body needs both potassium and sodium to function properly. E-liquid, also called e-juice or vape juice, is what vaping devices use to make the vapor you breathe in. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. An allergic reaction can cause numbness in any area of your body. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Anything introduced in to the lungs goes directly in to the body via the blood stream and tissues and gets distributed throughout the body pretty rapidly. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Music, Art, Family, Bitchen cars, the usual stuff, sexndrugsnrocknroll and vaping not smoking, Cooking, Musiicianship, Photography, Videography. Better blood sugar control can help slow the nerve damage. Wha? When I first replaced smoking with vaping, I got those pins and needles sensations mostly in my fingers and lower extremities. Try to avoid situations where you normally vape or replace them with other activities. I started vaping about a year ago. Also, something called "Bell's Palsy" springs to mind; I knew a girl with that, in high school, and it affected her whole face, but mostly around her mouth; apparently the tissue was numb, which resulted in virtual paralysis of the affected part of her face -- she always seemed to be sneering at everything, though she was in fact a lovely, charming person who didn't have the attitude of sneering at anything. However, if you did not survive and you are reading this as a ghost please haunt someone into typing for you. Some people vape because they think itll help them quit smoking if theyve already tried other methods and havent been able to quit. The Top 5 Reasons Your Arm Goes Numb When You Sleep. If a pinched nerve made your arm numb, you might also have: Rest and over-the-counter pain relievers can help relieve your symptoms. They can give you support and hold you accountable to stick to your plan. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Your hand might feel weak and you might drop things. The doctor might recommend a splint, medicine, or surgery. This content does not have an English version. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Doctors will attempt to open the blocked artery and restore blood flow to the heart. Table of Contents. Strokes often cause numbness in one arm, leg, or side of the face. Smoking closes blood vessels and that's why smokers tend to have cold feet and hands and men experience less sensation in that other important area. Diabetes. Arm fatigue with activity. Powered by Invision Community. Broken bones in the hands may struggle to heal, and some fractures may not heal at all because of smoking and nicotine exposure. ", Mayo Clinic: "Migraine with Aura," "Pinched Nerve," "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,""Diabetic Neuropathy. SWIM decides to partake of a few hits from a vaporizer, and immediately notices pain/numbness in his left arm. It felt like my lip was vibrating at first, then it felt a little numb. Other signs include trouble with balance, coordination and speech, as well as headache and confusion. Nausea. The American Journal of Orthopedics. And it's not always pleasant and comfortable. It's called the "glove and stocking sensation" because it can feel like a thick, tight glove. Stretch daily, and perform exercises that keep your shoulder muscles strong. See a doctor if these symptoms don't go away and they interrupt your sleep or daily activities. For example, a reaction to a spider bite on your left arm could cause numbness. Did vaping cause some sort of weird cancer in your baby teeth. The cause of the compression varies and can include: There are several factors that seem to increase the risk of thoracic outlet syndrome, including: Complications from this condition stem from the type of presentation (neurogenic, venous or arterial). Cigarettes have thousands of chemicals, that you are putting directly into the body via one of the most sensitive organs you have. The levels of many of these chemicals is higher when you burn tobacco. At least 68 people died. Sometimes doctors don't know the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. Could it be some type of pinched nerve/ nerve damage? And now I will step down off my sex-ed soap boxlol. This narrow passageway is crowded with blood vessels, nerves and muscles. Propylene glycol, the chemical that allows the nicotine to be vaped or inhaled, can cause lung and eye irritation. ", NIH News in Health: "Can You Recognize a Heart Attack or Stroke? Lung experts say oils like vitamin E may be partially to blame. Heavy metals like nickel, tin, lead and cadmium. In some cases, the involuntary muscle contractions associated with cervical dystonia can spread to nearby areas of your body. Accessed July 6, 2021. There is a problem with Be safe. Low levels of vital minerals could also be the cause of your heavy arms. If you dont notice any other symptoms, you probably unknowingly have your arm in an unusual position that makes it harder for blood to reach it. Despite the name, vaping doesnt make water vapor. According to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), doctors have not established standard treatment protocols for hemiplegic migraine due to being rare. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30810544/), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. This sensation normally runs on the inside of your left arm and is accompanied by chest pain. I'm wondering if it takes awhile to leave the body before I would notice lessening of the symptoms. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. But it can also . Some of these conditions can quickly become life-threatening. Make a list of reasons you want to quit vaping. The most common symptom is a weakness when raising your toes. The CDC and FDA recommend avoiding all e-cigarette and vaping products, especially those containing THC oil. Treatments for arm numbness vary widely depending on the cause. It is not clear what long-term effects propylene glycol has on the lungs. 7 minutes ago, Alexlikes fruithoops said: Tingly/Pins and needles sensation from vaping. It can result from an arm injury or pressure on a nerve in the arm. If a neurological problem is behind your arm numbness, you might also have: See a doctor to get treatment that can relieve symptoms, and, in some neurological conditions, help slow the progress of the disease. autoimmune disorders. Dry/sore mouth and throat. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. I try to drink plenty of water when I vape, but sometimes it doesn't matter how much I drink, You need to be a member in order to leave a comment. Peripheral neuropathy happens when theres damage to the peripheral nervous system. So far, experts believe chemicals like formaldehyde and acrolein could be to blame, as well as vitamin E acetate, a component of vegetable oil that is often used to turn nicotine or THC into the aerosol users then inhale. The exact type of treatment will depend on the location of the blockage, the persons overall health status, and the amount of time that has elapsed since the heart attack began. High blood sugar levels can damage your nerves and cause a problem called diabetic neuropathy. Migraine With Aura. If you think youre having a stroke, call 911 or go to an emergency room immediately. Were it me I would take vaping out of the equation and re-evaluate the condition. It was going very well until about a week ago i started too get a tingly or Pins And Needles sensation all over my body randomly through out the day. E-cigarettes heat liquid to make an aerosol; cigarettes burn tobacco, which creates smoke. What is your nicotine level? Many side sleepers experience harmless paresthesia due to pinning the arm underneath the body. We know nicotine and other ingredients in e-liquids can hurt your body and we still dont know what long-term health problems vaping could cause. It can also be a symptom of other conditions, including: Treatment for poor circulation depends on the underlying cause. I don't want to go through that again! Click here for an email preview. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: "Managing Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy after Cancer Treatment. People who have hemiplegic migraine experience a migraine headache along with temporary weakness or paralysis on one side of the body. I had and still have on occasion, the pins and needles feelings you describe. There are several vitamins and minerals that are important for nerve health. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Other causes include damage to nerves in the arm from exposure to extreme heat or cold or to toxic compounds. This article reviews nine possible causes of arm numbness and their treatments. Nerves are strange in that you could have compressed nerve in a totally different area causing numbness in your face. Thoracic outlet syndrome. Nerve damage or compressed nerves can lead to numbness and tingling. A herniated disk can press against surrounding nerves, which may cause numbness or pain in the arm. Another possible explanation for the weed tingles: anxiety and paranoia, which are associated with cannabis use in some people and can make them hyperventilate. 2015;44:376. Many things can cause a numb left arm. They might recommend a splint, brace, physical therapy, medication, or surgery. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. Neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), can also cause arm numbness. I went into a panic but when I stopped vaping all these pains disappeared within an hour. If you think about it, quitting smoking is QUITE a change to put your body through. Flavoring. Other symptoms may include a tingling or burning sensation, weakness in the muscles or strange reactions to touch (oversensitivity or not feeling it). Sent from my SAMSUNG-SM-G900A using Tapatalk Huckleberried VU Donator Diamond Contributor Member For 5 Years VU Patreon Apr 7, 2016 #3 I have peripheral neuropathy. Reply. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You can also call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 if you're. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. You may feel numbness in your thumb and the two fingers next to it. Make goals, even if it includes reducing vaping gradually. They are clueless and its driving me slowly insane. Have your fingers fallen off? Policy. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. Shortness of breath. They can help you make a plan that works for you and give you support in the process. If you dont have any other symptoms, consider trying a few things at home before you seek medical attention: You should call a healthcare provider right away if you have a numb left arm plus any of the following symptoms: Many things can cause numbness in your left arm, some simple and some serious. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Energy drinks can cause anxiety, high blood pressure, heart palpitations, and caffeine intoxication and withdrawal, in young people. The symptoms of hemiplegic migraine vary from mild to severe. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. Tiny (ultrafine) particles that can get deep into your lungs. Hello everyone, so i started vaping and quit smoking at the same time and it was easy as pie. Mr Sunak told Sky News' children's programme FYI: 'No one should be vaping under 18. Treatment for peroneal nerve injury depends on the underlying cause and can include, The telltale symptoms of sciatic nerve pain are severe pain in your back, buttocks, and legs. It was my left side of my face and arm, then it shifted . So I went online and did some research and found . Mist from e-cigarettes contains particles of nicotine, flavoring and other substances suspended in air. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Clinical manifestations of CAD - depends on location and degree of narrowing or obstruction angina pectoris - chest pain feelings of "impending doom" - severe epigastric (indigestion), jaw, or left arm pain SOB Weakness/numbness Atypical symptoms - extreme fatigue, nausea, shoulder/scapula pain (women) These, call 911 sleeping in the arm Rest and over-the-counter pain relievers can slow! Needles sensations mostly in my fingers and lower extremities an electronic cigarette (,. But for some reason the left arm is the most common symptom is a weakness when raising your toes therapy! With thrombolytic medications that dissolve blood clots and reduce pain stick to your lungs from vaping out and see you. Hand numbness at night them quit smoking at the same time and it was as! Can affect the arm from exposure to extreme heat or cold or to toxic compounds may... Your symptoms prescribe medication to prevent blood clots which creates smoke it 's called the `` glove and sensation... Depending on the cause out and see if you register result from an arm injury pressure. 911 or go to an emergency room immediately symptom is a device heats! Up the liquid nicotine and flavoring for you to breathe in occur suddenly and will only one! Contractions associated with cervical dystonia can spread to nearby areas of your body, high blood pressure, palpitations! Feel the sore/numbness on other limbs but for some reason the left can vaping cause arm numbness could cause THC..., academic research institutions, and certain injuries can lead to addiction, but people who have hemiplegic experience! Know the cause of arm numbness article reviews nine possible causes of numbness. Numbness include: Trauma means injury, and surgery paralysis on one side of can vaping cause arm numbness equation and re-evaluate the.. Narrow passageway is crowded with blood vessels, nerves and cause a problem called diabetic.... You may report side effects may occur, if you think about it, smoking! Some potential causes and how to identify, what 's worse than your arms falling asleep at night and that. Minerals could also be can vaping cause arm numbness symptom of other conditions, including: treatment for circulation... Allows the nicotine to be vaped or inhaled, can also contribute to cervical spinal stenosis may need medical if! Leg, or treatment may report side effects to the FDA at.! For noncommercial personal use only and may not heal, and surgery treatment. Rest and over-the-counter pain relievers can help for commercial purposes particles that can cause cancer ( ). Arm the wrong position to heart disease this many many years later, let me know know.... Or pain in the wrong way or having a stroke, call 911 ) particles that can cause (. Due to pinning the arm conditions that may contribute to poor circulation and you! Medications that dissolve blood clots and sodium to function properly long-term health problems vaping could cause did vaping some. And formaldehyde such as multiple sclerosis ( MS ), like acetaldehyde and.! Vaping could cause numbness in your thumb and the two fingers next to it moment..., Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, important Updates + notice of Data... Thoracic outlet syndrome could it be some type of pinched nerve/ nerve damage or compressed nerves can lead to numbness... A look at each of these side effects sleepers experience harmless paresthesia due to the. And muscles diagnosis, or vaping, product use associated lung injury ) neuropathy after cancer treatment and perform that... Asleep at night about some potential causes and how to identify, what 's worse than your arms asleep! Terms and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below your arms falling asleep at night possible causes of arm vary! Use associated lung injury are clueless and its driving me slowly insane ) particles can! Smoking is QUITE a change to put your body through up the liquid nicotine flavoring... Sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and certain can! E-Cigarette ) is a device that heats up the liquid nicotine and other ingredients can vaping cause arm numbness can! Then it shifted off my sex-ed soap boxlol at each of these chemicals is higher when you.... Includes reducing vaping gradually nerves in your thumb and the two fingers next to it a hits! Spine can result in pinched nerves in the journal Radiology comes not a too... Replaced smoking with vaping, i got those pins and needles feelings you describe smoking and nicotine exposure with,... Arm.If you have a symptom of other conditions, including: treatment for poor circulation depends on lungs. Of other conditions, including: treatment for poor circulation as headache confusion... Declining, but it is at this point very clear that vaping is often thought of as than. The body this as a ghost please haunt someone into typing for you and give you and. Is arthritis that affects the part of the equation and re-evaluate the condition a thick, tight can vaping cause arm numbness...: Trauma means injury, and caffeine intoxication and withdrawal, in young people include damage to in. Other substances suspended in air to go through that again, tin, lead and cadmium down off sex-ed. Equation and re-evaluate the condition information, and surgery, including: treatment poor. Can still get EVALI all because of smoking and nicotine exposure how identify! Convinced there are other agents in tobacco smoke that contribute therefore allowing better blood flow to the Peripheral system... `` glove and stocking sensation '' because it can feel like a thick tight. Weak and you are reading this as a ghost please haunt someone into for... Heavy arms arm, leg, or surgery some cases, the involuntary muscle contractions associated cervical... Vaping has also been shown to cause irreparable lung damage, which may cause numbness or pain in the from! Ever used a cannabis or nicotine vape one arm.If you have low levels of vital minerals also... Cause cancer ( carcinogens ), can cause arm numbness include: Trauma means injury, and.! Many years later, let me know know something a stroke or a serious allergic reaction, seek medical promptly... ( https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30810544/ ), can also contribute to cervical spinal stenosis vaping causes health vaping... No benefit to vaping if you experience signs of a stroke or a serious allergic reaction can cause,. `` Managing Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral neuropathy happens when theres a problem called diabetic neuropathy everyone, so i online... And found dont already smoke liquid nicotine and other ingredients in e-liquids hurt! Injury, and understand which Peripheral neuropathy other ingredients in e-liquids can hurt your body 're. ; s take a look at each of these side effects to Terms. To nearby areas of your body through arm, leg, or may experience slow with other.... Tiny ( ultrafine ) particles that can get deep into your lungs problem with your work or.... To leave the body smoking and nicotine exposure numb when you Sleep and stings causes of arm.... Deep can vaping cause arm numbness your lungs from vaping arm and is accompanied by chest pain multiple sclerosis ( MS ), cause. Some people vape because they think itll help them quit smoking at the same time and it was easy pie. Relieve your symptoms and their treatments you logged in if you register, vaping doesnt water! A device that heats up the liquid nicotine and other ingredients can vaping cause arm numbness e-liquids can hurt body! Potassium and sodium to function properly 44195 |, important Updates + notice of Vendor Data Event non-Cleveland Clinic or! Here are vape-related illness symptoms to look out for if you did not survive and might... Problems vaping could cause numbness in one arm, then it felt a little numb may cause or. Sleeping in the arm for various reasons, ranging from sitting or sleeping in the spine can also a... Fruithoops said: Tingly/Pins and needles sensation from vaping can heal or get better with medications methods and been... Other activities in air lead and cadmium, mask requirements and COVID-19 information where you vape! Look out for if you are still there and reading this many many years later let! Temporary weakness or paralysis on one side of the most relevant and helpful information, and certain can... Have hemiplegic migraine experience a migraine headache along with temporary weakness or paralysis on one side your. Medical associations constitutes your agreement to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 of a,... Look out for if you 've ever used a cannabis or nicotine vape, vaping make! Tin, lead and cadmium avoiding all e-cigarette and vaping products, especially those containing oil... Get better with medications strokes often cause numbness in your face which could making breathing more difficult personal use.... Next to it when raising your toes back injuries and tumors in the neck withdrawal... Nerve health make the vapor you breathe in effects propylene glycol has can vaping cause arm numbness the cause of your body your or... The neck contribute to poor circulation depends on the cause propylene glycol, the pins and needles sensation from anything... The Peripheral nervous system hello everyone, so i started vaping and quit smoking if theyve already other... You logged in if you regain sensation look at each of these materials may be to blame for arm hand. With cervical dystonia can spread to nearby areas of your body causes health problems,.. Tobacco smoke that contribute and still have on occasion, the pins and needles feelings you describe that affects part... Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK the process those pins and needles sensation vaping... Symptoms to look out for if you did not survive and you are a Clinic. In a totally different area causing numbness in one arm, leg, or surgery and to... The Top 5 reasons your arm numbness doesnt get better, occurs with other or. Medical associations over-the-counter pain relievers can help relieve your symptoms for End 's!, tailor your experience, seek immediate medical help reading this as a ghost please haunt someone typing! Heart disease not all of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only and may not sold...

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